Aviva is a natural health shop (retail and online) based in Winnipeg, MB, Canada.We proudly ship healthy lifestyle products to customers worldwide. FREE SHIPPING in Canada for most orders over $100Aviva.ca - Your Health Superstore - Call us toll-free: (866) 947-6789Volume 6, Issue 3, May 2015, Pages 428–433 The objectives of this work were to investigate trimethylamine (TMA) removal by thermophilic biotrickling filtration (TBTF) and to examine the microbial community developed at 56 °C. TMA removal efficiency in the TBTF system was up to 99.9%. At a bed contact time of 25.8 s, the elimination capacity at 56 °C in the TBTF was 375.2 g TMA m−3 h−1, which was higher than that of mesophilic biotrickling filtration. TBTF was able to quickly recover from a normal temperature shutdown period of a month. The thermophilic bacterial communities in the TBTF which were assessed by polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR–DGGE), play the dominant role in the thermophilic biological processes of metabolism, ammoxidation, nitrification, denitrification and carbon oxidation.

These results show that TBTF is achievable and open new possibilities for applying biotrickling filtration to hot odorous gas streams from sewage sludge drying.In the last few decades, emission control of odorous pollutants from sewage sludge treatment, landfill, composting plants, industrial or agricultural origin has become a crucial issue owing to their adverse effects to humans, animals, and the environment (Xue et al., 2013). Malodors not only are a direct threat for human health and welfare but also represent a significant contribution to photochemical smog formation and secondary particle formation (Estrada et al., 2011). Wastewater treatment results in production of large quantities of sewage sludge. China produced about 22 million tons sewage sludge in 2010, annual growth rate is greater than 10% (Wang et al., 2012a). Thermal drying was used mainly in European Union–15 countries and especially in Germany, Italy, France and UK (Kelessidis and Stasinakis, 2012). Thermal drying of sludge makes it possible to stabilize the sludge, reduce its volume and hygienize the product.

However, it will produce odorous compounds, such as trimethylamine (TMA), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), ammonia (NH3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbonyl sulfide (COS), volatile fatty acids (VFAs), volatile compounds (VCs), polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) during different sludge drying processes (Deng et al., 2009; air purifier staticSheng et al., 2012). air purifiers whole homeHot odorous gas emitting sewage sludge drying cause an odor nuisance problem, ranging from annoyance to documented health effects (Wang et al., 2012a). ionic air cleaners homeThe traditional biological technologies would cool down the hot waste gas, such as liquid spraying, which are expensive and produce waste water that would require treatment.

The use of thermophilic microorganisms active at temperatures over 40 °C would offer great savings and extend the applicability of biofilters and biotricklingfilters. Thermophilic biotrickling filter was used for alpha–Pinene bio-degradation at 45 °C, or at temperatures up to 60 °C with optimal treatment occurring at 55 °C at rates up to 60 g m−3 h−1 (Montes et al., 2010). Methanol removal rate achieved 100 g m−3 h−1 at temperatures up to 70 °C (Kong et al., 2001). The high–temperature biotrickling filter exhibited a higher degree of ethanol mineralization to CO2, and hosted a process culture composed of both mesophilic and thermotolerant or thermophilic microorganisms (Cox et al., 2001). The thermophilic bioreactor showed a lower dimethyl sulfide elimination capacity, temperature changes to 21 and 59 °C decreased the removal efficiency at 52 °C by 90 and 30%, respectively; liquid–phase sulfate concentrations exceeding 2.2 g L−1, decreased the removal rate by 50% at 52 °C (Luvsanjamba et al., 2008).

The thermophilic biofilter could effectively degrade methyl tertbutyl ether (MTBE) at a constant bed temperature of 52±3 °C (Moussavi et al., 2009). Removal of isobutyraldehyde and 2–pentanone was investigated in biotrickling filters at higher temperature (52–65 °C) (Luvsanjamba et al., 2007). The biotrickling filter inoculated with C. daeguensis TAD1 for nitrogen monoxide (NO) removal was accomplished in an oxygen stream of 8% under aerobic condition at 50 °C ( Liang et al., 2012). A thermophilic biofilter achieved high performance to remove gaseous toluene at 55 °C, and presented a lower pressure drop than that of mesophilic biofilter (Wang et al., 2012b). The biotrickling filter was the successful treatment of hydrogen sulfide gas at temperatures of 40, 50, 60 and 70 °C using a microbial community inoculated with Bacillus sp. ( Ryu et al., 2009). Addition of glucose and monosodium glutamate enhanced thermophilic biofiltration of hydrogen sulfide gas and a removal rate of 40 g m−3 h−1 was achieved at 70 °C (Datta et al., 2007).

A mechanistic model based on energy and mass balances was developed to predict the performance of a trickling biofilter as a function of temperature and the temperature variation along the height of the tricking biofilter (Fazaelipoor, 2010).A variety of TMA degradation bacteria for trimethylamine removal under aerobic conditions has been intensively studied. Most of them were mesophilic bacteria such as A. aminovorans ( Rappert and Muller, 2005), Aminobacter aminovorans ( Lobo et al., 1997), Paracoccus sp. T231 ( Kim et al., 2001), Pseudomonas aminovorans ( Gamati et al., 1991), B350 microorganisms (Wan et al., 2011), Arthrobacter sp. ( Ho et al., 2008a), Paracoccus sp. CP2 ( Ho et al., 2008b), Pseudomonas putida A (ATCC 12633) ( Liffourrena and Lucchesi, 2014), Paracoccus denitrificans ( Ralebitso–Senior et al., 2012), P. faecalis ( Gutarowska et al., 2014). Ammonia–oxidizing bacteria (AOB) (Ding et al., 2008), nitrifying bacteria, Paracoccus denitrificans’ presence in the biofilter could play an important role in oxidizing ammonia and reducing nitrite by heterotrophic nitrification and anaerobic denitrification ( Ho et al., 2008a).